Evaluation of Readiness for Participation in Reading Research in Rural Kyrgyzstan

Authors

  • Mukadas Tashieva Mukadas Tashieva is a Kyrgyz academic and researcher, associated with higher education and scholarly work in Central Asia. She is Fulbright Foreign Student (2023-25) at Kent State University, USA.
  • Nathan A. Stevenson Associate Professor, College of Education, Health and Human Services, Kent State University, 405-S White Hall, USA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54418/ca-97.255

Keywords:

Kyrgyzstan schools, reading research, research participation, research readiness, rural education

Abstract

This study evaluates the readiness of rural schools in Kyrgyzstan to participate in reading research and interventions in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts. Data were collected from 277 participants, including English teachers (n = 168), parents (n = 94), and school administrators (n = 15) across rural regions of seven districts of Kyrgyzstan, using a quantitative, non-experimental survey design. A 70-question Likert scale was developed and distributed via Qualtrics, with translation into Kyrgyz to ensure accessibility.

 

The study findings showed strong interest but moderate readiness among stakeholders. While 75% of parents understood the purpose of reading research and 63% were aware of school-based research initiatives, only 69.1% expressed confidence in supporting their child's participation. Among teachers, 95.1% were interested in professional development, yet only 31.5% had prior research experience, and 63.1% reported inadequate school resources. Administrators cited financial limitations, low engagement, and lack of research skills as significant barriers, with only a few indicating moderate preparedness to implement research-based programs.

References

Anderson, Robert, and Meena Kumar. “Digital Literacy in Rural Education: Bridging the Access Gap.” Educational Technology Journal 34, no. 2 202): 45–61.

Barrett, Tom. “Professional Development in Rural Schools: Challenges and Strategies.” Journal of Teacher Education 71, no. 3, 2020: 189–205.

Bazov, Rafis. “Education in Kyrgyzstan: Challenges and Reforms.” Central Asian Journal of Education, 2020.

Darling-Hammond, Linda, Maria E. Hyler, and Madelyn Gardner. Effective Teacher Professional Development. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute, 2017.

Dearden, Julie, Aigul Kadirbekova, and Kanykei Orozbekova. English in Higher Education in the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. 2021.

Erlendsdóttir, Guðrún, Mary A. Macdonald, Sigrún R. Jónsdóttir, and Patience Mtika. “Parental Involvement in Children’s Primary Education: A Case Study from a Rural District in Malawi.” South African Journal of Education 42, no. 3, 2022: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v42n3a2133.

Evans, M. D. R., Jonathan Kelley, Joanna Sikora, and Donald J. Treiman. “Scholarly Culture and Academic Performance in 27 Nations.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 34, 2014: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2013.12.001.

Gagnon, David J., and Mary J. Mattingly. “Teacher Turnover in Rural Schools: Challenges and Policy Considerations.” Rural Education Review 32, no. 1 (2018): 24–39.

Grabe, William, and Fredricka L. Stoller. Teaching and Researching Reading. New York: Routledge, 2013.

Hernandez, Donald J. “Home Literacy Environments and Their Effects on Early Reading Skills.” Child Development Perspectives 11, no. 3, 2017: 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12224.

Hyeyon Seon, 정애경, and Mae-hyang Hwang. “The Effects of Parental Involvement on Middle School Students’ Academic Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation.” Asian Journal of Education 12, no. 1, March 2011: 21–43. https://doi.org/10.15753/aje.2011.12.1.002.

Hyun, Kyung K. “Developing High Levels of Reading Proficiency for ELLs in Secondary Education.” PhD diss., 2023.

Jhangiani, Rajiv S., I-Chant A. Chiang, and Carrie Cuttler. "Non-Experimental and Experimental Survey Research." Critical Thinking in Psychology: Dispositions, Cognitive Insights, and Research Skills: 370-382. 2025 https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/86635/1/86635.pdf#page=381

Jovanović, Olja, Zoran R. Dedić, and Maja Poredoš. “Parental Involvement in the Education of Children with Additional Support Needs during the Pandemic: Views from Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia.” European Journal of Psychology of Education 40, no. 1, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-024-00912-8.

Kamwendo, Gregory Hankoni. “Voices of Ignorance versus Voices of Knowledge: Debates on English as Medium of Instruction in Malawian Primary Schools.” Applied Linguistics Review 12, no. 4, August 10, 2020: 523–44. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2020-2003.

Kazakbaeva, Ryskul. “Knowledge Base for Classroom Preparedness: Analyzing Initial English Language Teacher Education in Kyrgyzstan.” SAGE Open 13, no. 4, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231220734.

KG Analytics. “School Education in Kyrgyzstan: What Is to Be Done?” April 18, 2022. https://kganalytics.fund/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/18-apr-2022_kg-analytics_overview-of-education-system.pdf.

Kim, Hye K. “A Study of Academic Reading Practices and Experiences of ELL Students in High School Content-Area Classrooms.” PhD diss., The Ohio State University, 2023.

Kochorova, Gulmira. “The Problem with Problem Identification in the Process of Educational Reforms in the Kyrgyz Republic.” 2013. https://core.ac.uk/download/32445008.pdf.

Makebo, T. H., M. M. Bachore, and Z. A. Ayele. “Investigating the Correlation between Students’ Reading Fluency and Comprehension.” Journal of Language Teaching and Research 13, no. 2, 2022: 229–242. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1302.02.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic. National Education Report on Literacy Development. 2020.

Moore, Helen, S. Patel, and Kevin Williams. “Broadband Access and Its Impact on Rural Education.” Digital Inclusion Journal 29, no. 1, 2021: 67–82.

Mullis, Ina V. S., Michael O. Martin, Pierre Foy, and Martin Hooper. PIRLS 2016 International Results in Reading. Boston: IEA, 2017.

Nag, S., S. Chiat, C. Torgerson, and Margaret Snowling. Literacy, Foundational Learning, and Assessment in Developing Countries. London: DfID, 2014.

National Reading Panel. Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment. Washington, DC: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2000.

OECD. PISA 2018 Results: What Students Know and Can Do. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1787/5f07c754-en.

Parrish, Amanda. “Funding Disparities and Their Impact on Rural Literacy Programs.” Policy Insights in Education 16, no. 4 (2018): 378–392.

Paschal, M. J., and S. A.-M. Gougou. “Promoting 21st Century Skills in English Language Teaching: A Pedagogical Transformation in Ivory Coast.” Global Journal of Educational Studies 8, no. 2, (2022). https://doi.org/10.5296/gjes.v8i2.20333.

Piper, Benjamin, Stephanie S. Zuilkowski, Margaret M. Dubeck, Esther Jepkemei, and Simon King. “Identifying the Effects of Teacher Professional Development on Early Grade Reading Outcomes.” Journal of Educational Change 19, no. 4, 2018: 495–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-018-9330-0.

Redding, Christopher, and Thomas M. Smith. “The Role of Mentorship and Support in the Development of Rural Teachers.” Teaching and Teacher Education 85, 2019: 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.05.005.

RFE/RL. “Kyrgyzstan School Crowding Report.” 2020.

Rochman, Muhammad. “The importance of teaching reading: Improving Students; Reading Comprehension in EFL Context Emphasized on Reading Fluency and Accuracy.” Journal of English Language and Pedagogy 1, no. 1, September 16, 2018: 6–14. https://doi.org/10.33503/journey.v1i1.91.

Schools 2030. Educational Resource Challenges in Kyrgyzstan. 2024.

Sénéchal, Monique, and Jo-Anne LeFevre. “Parental Involvement in Literacy Development: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Child Psychology 40, no. 5 (2019): 1052–1070. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00489.

Shamatov, D. M., M. Tajik, M. Karakus, and G. Mukhamejanova. “School Infrastructure and Reading Development in Rural Kyrgyzstan.” 2024.

Shamatov, Dilmurod. “Promoting Children’s Reading in Kyrgyzstan.” TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society 2, no. 2, 2015: 105–116. https://doi.org/10.15408/tjems.v2i2.2801.

Silova, Iveta. “Varieties of Educational Transformation: The Post-Soviet States of Central/Southeastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union.” In International Handbook of Comparative Education, edited by Robert Cowen and Andreas Kazamias. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009.

Snow, Catherine E., M. Susan Burns, and Peg Griffin. Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998. https://doi.org/10.17226/6023.

Snow, Catherine E., Peg Griffin, and M. Susan Burns. Knowledge to Support the Teaching of Reading. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005.

Temur, Turan, and Tuba Sezer. “The Agenda of The Reading Teacher Journal on Reading and Reading Skills: A Corpus Analysis in the Last Decade.” International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education 15, no. 4, 2023: 357–369. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2023.288.

Tercan, H., and P. Bayhan. “Developing and Implementing an Integrated Family Education Program for Parents of Children with Reading Difficulties.” Brain and Behavior 15, no. 1, 2025: e70269. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70269.

Trudell, Barbara, and Benjamin Piper. “Mother Tongue Literacy in Rural Classrooms: A Critical Review.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 39, no. 6, 2018: 520–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1438449.

Tynaliev, Ulan, and M. Karymbaeva. “Evaluating Literacy Interventions in Kyrgyz Primary Schools.” Kyrgyz Journal of Education and Research 8, no. 2, 2021: 112–125.

UNESCO. Kyrgyzstan: National Education Profile. Global Education Monitoring Report (PEER), 2021. https://2020.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Kyrgyztan.pdf.

Wang, Cixin, Tamika P. La Salle, Kieu Anh Do, Chaorong Wu, and Kathryn E. Sullivan. “Does Parental Involvement Matter for Students’ Mental Health in Middle School?” School Psychology 34, no. 2, March 2019: 222–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000300.

Westbrook, Jo, N. Durrani, R. Brown, D. Orr, J. Pryor, J. Boddy, and F. Salvi. Pedagogy, Curriculum, Teaching Practices and Teacher Education in Developing Countries. London: DfID, 2013.

Wilder, S. “Effects of Parental Involvement on Academic Achievement: A Meta-Synthesis.” Educational Review 66, no. 3, May 14, 2013: 377–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2013.780009.

Wondim, M. G., D. A. Getahun, and D. N. Golga. “Parental Involvement in the Education of Their Children with Disabilities in Primary Schools of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.” Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs 21, no. 2, 2021: 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12502.

World Bank. World Development Report 2018: Learning to Realize Education’s Promise. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2018. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28340

Downloads

Published

2026-01-15

How to Cite

Tashieva, M., & Stevenson, N. A. . (2026). Evaluation of Readiness for Participation in Reading Research in Rural Kyrgyzstan. Central Asia, 97(Winter), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.54418/ca-97.255